biblicalhumanities.org

Open Data Lunch at SBL 2017

Fri, 10 Nov 2017 08:33:50 +0000

Every year biblicalhumanities.org and The Global Education and Research Technology (GERT) section of SBL hold a get-together for people who are producing open datasets or open source software. This includes researchers and people creating software to be used by others. The goal is to learn from each other and help grow the open data community.

See the biblicahumanities.org dashboard for an overview of some of the open data resources available for biblical languages. Come join us and be part of this community.

We will meet on Sunday, November 19th, 11:45 AM at the Exeter (Third Level) room, Boston Marriott Copley Place (MCP) and move to a different location from there. We will spend an hour sharing informally about what each of us is doing, bottlenecks we are hitting, resources we are creating, and brainstorming about what we would like to see happen in our community over the coming year.

Since this is not a sponsored event, participants will need to pay for their own lunch.

Questions? Ask Jonathan.

GERT Sessions at SBL 2017

Tue, 24 Oct 2017 08:33:50 +0000

Coming to SBL 2017 in Boston? GERT and biblicalhumanities.org are sponsoring three sessions: (1) Best Practices in Online Teaching, (2) Open Collaborative Annotation Workshop, (3) Open Session. See the detailed schedule below.

Best Practices in Online Teaching

Time: Saturday, November 18th, 9:00 - 11:30 AM
Room: Republic B (Second Level) - Sheraton Boston Hotel
Presiding: Renate Viveen Hood, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor

The Online Capstone: Collaborative Learning and Research in a Virtual Environment - Sandie Gravett, Appalachian State University
Using the Moodle Book module to create and deliver an interactive online Biblical Hebrew course and textbook - Barry Bandstra, Hope College
Wandering in the Online Wilderness - From Classroom to Online and Back Again - Some Observations - Jonathan D. Lawrence, Canisius College
The Corpus-driven Online Hebrew Classroom - Nicolai Winther-Nielsen, Fjellhaug Internasjonale Høgskole
Going Deep and Beyond the Expectations of a Term Paper: Student Contributions to the Website Bible in Its Traditions - Jean-Francois Racine, Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University

Open Collaborative Annotation Workshop

Time: Saturday, November 18th, 1:00 to 3:30 PM
Room: 312 (Third Level) - Hynes Convention Center (HCC)
Presiding: Randall Tan, Global Bible Initiative

Please bring your own web-enabled devices (laptops, tablets, smartphones) if you wish to participate in hands-on exploration.

Close Reading of Biblical Texts and Treebanks with genius.com, hypothes.is and thepund.it - Jonathan Robie, biblicalhumanities.org
Semantic Annotation with Plokamos and the Perseids Project - Bridget Almas, Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University and Marie-Claire Beaulieu, Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University
Exploring Web-Based Methods for Syntactic Annotation - Christopher D. Land, McMaster Divinity College and Francis G.H. Pang, McMaster Divinity College

Open Session

Time: Sunday, November 19th, 9:00 to 11:30 AM
Room: Exeter (Third Level) - Boston Marriott Copley Place (MCP)
Presiding: Nicolai Winther-Nielsen, Fjellhaug Internasjonale Høgskole

Computational alignment of Greek and Hebrew with Bible translations, using Swahili as a proof of concept - David Instone-Brewer, Tyndale House (Cambridge)
Paratext 8, ETCBC, and Lexical Semantics - Reinier de Blois, United Bible Societies
Linking Lexical Resources for Biblical Greek - James Tauber, MorphGNT
Visualizing the Meanings of Biblical Words by Context - Jeremy Thompson, Logos Bible Software
How the BibleOL can take over your Hebrew examinations and student grading - Oliver Glanz, Andrews University

2016 Dataset of the Year: Levinsohn's Greek New Testament Discourse Features

Fri, 27 Jan 2017 16:33:50 +0000

The biblicalhumanities.org 2016 Dataset of the Year is Levinsohn’s Greek New Testament Discourse Features. We created this award for the most valuable open dataset released in a given year for digital biblical studies.

Most students of biblical discourse analysis are aware of Stephen Levinsohn’s groundbreaking work, but many do not know that Levinsohn produced a discourse analysis of the entire Greek New Testament using SIL International’s Bible Analysis Research Tool (BART). Displays of this discourse analysis are available in PDF form, and are also available to licensed users of BART.

SIL International and Paul O’Rear, the primary developer of BART, have now released the underlying data on Github for use in any program that uses the UBS4/NA27, and Paul is working on making the data available for texts that are more freely licensed. Congratulations to Paul, the recipient of our first annual Dataset of the Year award.

Saturday and Sunday: Digital Humanities at SBL Annual Meeting

Tue, 18 Oct 2016 16:33:50 +0000

GERT and biblicalhumanities.org will be active all day (and evening!) at on Saturday at the SBL Annual Meeting, and the Hebrew Technology Buffet will be on Sunday. This post lists the sessions and the dinner by time:

Saturday, November 19th

9:00-11:30 AM: Visualizations of the Bible, Convention Center Room 213A
1:00-3:30 PM: Global Education and Research Technology Open Session, Convention Center Room 209
4:00-6:30 PM: Low Hanging Fruit in Digital Biblical Studies, Convention Center Room 305
6:30 PM: Open Digital Humanities Dinner, RSVP for location

Sunday, November 20th

1:00-3:30 PM: Hebrew Bible Technology Buffet, Convention Center Room 305

Open Data / Open Source Dinner

Tue, 18 Oct 2016 14:00:50 +0000

On Saturday, November 19th 2016, at 6:30 PM, a group of people who create open digital datasets or open source software for digital biblical studies will go out to dinner together. The main purpose of this dinner is to discuss ways we can work together over the coming year to continue providing useful datasets and software, think about missing pieces, and find synergy between existing projects and initiatives.

Please contact Jonathan jonathan.robie@biblicalhumanities.org or Randall randall.tan@globalbibleinitiative.org if you wish to attend. RSVP strongly requested, since the restaurant has limited seating. Participants should plan on paying for their meal (we are unable to cover the cost of the dinner).

S19-321 Low Hanging Fruit in Digital Biblical Studies

Mon, 17 Oct 2016 10:33:50 +0000

On Saturday, November 19th 2016, from 4:00 PM to 6:30 PM, GERT will host a session with the theme “Low Hanging Fruit in Digital Biblical Studies”, focusing on existing datasets and technologies that are freely licensed and can be leveraged to advance biblical studies, at the SBL Annual meeting in room 305 of the Convention Center. Randall Tan of Global Bible Initiative will preside.

The session has five presentations:

Francis G.H. Pang, McMaster Divinity College and Christopher D. Land, McMaster Divinity College The Past, Present, and Future of the OpenText.org Annotated Greek Corpus (30 min)
Jonathan Robie, B-Greek: The Biblical Greek Forum Use Cases for Greek Treebanks (30 min)
Paul O’Rear, SIL International Stephen Levinsohn’s “Discourse Features of New Testament Greek”: The Data (30 min)
J. K. Tauber, MorphGNT An Online Adaptive Reading Environment for the Greek New Testament (30 min)
Troy Griffitts, Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung An Online Collaborative Research Environment for Project Synergy (30 min)

After this session, a group of people who create open digital datasets or open source software for digital biblical studies will go out to dinner together. The main purpose of this dinner is to discuss ways we can work together over the coming year to continue providing useful datasets and software. Please contact Jonathan jonathan.robie@biblicalhumanities.org or Randall randall.tan@globalbibleinitiative.org if you wish to attend. RSVP strongly requested, since the restaurant has limited seating.

S20-211a Hebrew Bible Technology Buffet

Mon, 17 Oct 2016 10:33:50 +0000

On Sunday, November 20th 2016, from 1:00 PM to 3:30 PM, GERT will host a session with the theme “Hebrew Bible Technology Buffet” at the SBL Annual Meeting in room 305 of the Convention Center. Barry Bandstra of Hope College will preside.

The session has four presentations:

Janet Dyk, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Dirk Roorda, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Valence Patterns and Translation Proposals within SHEBANQ (30 min)
Mathias Coeckelbergs, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Using Topic Modeling for Multilingual Concept Comparison. Evidence from the Hebrew Bible and the Septuagint (30 min)
Randall Tan, Global Bible Initiative Total Link: The Power of Alignment for Bible Translation (30 min)
Drayton C. Benner, Miklal Software Solutions and James R. Covington, University of Chicago A New Transliteration of the Hebrew Bible (30 min)

Presentations will be followed by a discussion session.

S19-217 Global Education and Research Technology Open Session

Mon, 17 Oct 2016 10:33:50 +0000

On Saturday, November 19th 2016, from 1:00 PM to 3:30 PM, GERT will host a variety of presentations applying digital technology to the Bible at the SBL Annual meeting in Room 209 of the Convention Center. Nicolai Winther-Nielsen of the Fjellhaug Internasjonale Høgskole will preside.

The session has five presentations:

Bradley C Erickson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Stepping into the Past: Exploring the Ancient Synagogue of Bet Alpha in Real-Time 3D (30 min)
Micheal Palmer, Greek-Language.com and Jonathan Robie, B-Greek: The Biblical Greek Forum Graphe Zosa (30 min)
Josh Westbury, Logos Bible Software and Scott Fleischman, Logos Bible Software Towards a Comprehensive Computational System for Grammatical Analysis of Ancient Corpora (30 min)
Richard K. Min, The University of Texas at Dallas Circular Rhetoric and Logic of Paradox: Computational Approach (30 min)
T. Michael W. Halcomb, Conversational Koine Institute / University of Kentucky A Network Morphology Approach to Koine: Using DATR to Model Adjective Paradigms (30 min)

S19-114 Visualizations of the Bible for Global Research and Teaching

Sun, 16 Oct 2016 10:33:50 +0000

On Saturday, November 19th 2016, from 9:00 AM to 11:30 AM, GERT and the Bible and Visual Art section will host a joint session with the theme “Visualizations of the Bible for Global Research and Teaching” at the SBL Annual meeting in Room 213A at the Convention Center. Janet Dyk of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam will preside.

The session has three presentations:

Christine Joynes, University of Oxford and J. Cheryl Exum, University of Sheffield Reflections on Using Biblical Art for Biblical Interpretation (30 min)
Jens Bruun Kofoed, Fjellhaug International University College and Nicolai Winther-Nielsen, Fjellhaug Internasjonale Høgskole Corpus-driven visualization of textual worlds (30 min)
Volker Küster, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany The Bible through the Eyes of “the Others” – Teaching Visual Arts and Intercultural Theology (30 min)

After that, Barry Bandstra of Hope College and Kylie Crabbe of the University of Oxford will serve as respondents, followed by discussion and a business meeting.

Querying Greek Texts in XML: Part 4

Mon, 16 Nov 2015 14:33:50 +0000

This is the last in a series on querying Greek texts with XQuery. Before you read this, you should consider reading the earlier posts:

Querying Greek Texts in XML: Part 1: introduces simple queries on base texts.
Querying Greek Texts in XML: Part 2: discusses morphologies and three kinds of syntax trees
Querying Greek Texts in XML: Part 3: shows a variety of queries that exploit morphology

In this post, we will start doing syntax queries on the Lowfat syntax trees, focusing on participles.

NOTE: This talk is also being proposed as a Talk Session at THATCamp AAR/SBL 2015, Friday, 20 November.

NOTE: The queries in this post came from a practical use case: Micheal Palmer and I needed examples of various uses of the participle for a series of lessons to be taught using living language techniques. If you want to see the lesson taught using living language techniques, come to Systematically Generating Examples from a Syntactic Treebank for Internalizing Language, on Sunday, 22 November, in session S22-206 at 1:00 P.M. to 3:30 P.M.

Queries on Syntax: Greek Participles

Researching the syntax of a language and internalizing a language in a classroom both need lots of examples, many more examples than are found in most textbooks. A syntax treebank is a crucial tool for finding precisely the examples that are needed. In this post, we will focus on querying Greek participles. The queries here were derived largely by reading through the chapter on participles in Rijksbaron’s The Syntax and Semantics of the Verb in Classical Greek, querying the Lowfat trees to find New Testament examples to illustrate the points he makes, and modifying the queries to identify examples particularly well suited to classroom instruction.

The first step is to look at a participle in a sentence and see how the syntax tree is structured. Here is an example from Luke 6:8:

<sentence>
   <cite>Luk6:8:22-6:8:24</cite>
   <wg nodeId="420060080220030" class="cl" role="s">
      <w morphId="42006008022" class="conj" lemma="καί">καὶ</w>
      <wg nodeId="420060080230020" class="cl">
         <w morphId="42006008023" class="verb" role="adv" 
            lemma="ἀνίστημι" 
            tense="aorist"
            voice="active"
            mood="participle"
            case="nominative"
            gender="masculine"
            number="singular">ἀναστὰς</w>
         <w morphId="42006008024" class="verb" role="v" head="true" 
            lemma="ἵστημι"
            person="third"
            number="singular"
            tense="aorist"
            voice="active"
            mood="indicative">ἔστη</w>
         <pu>.</pu>
      </wg>
   </wg>
</sentence>

This sentence has three Greek words, which generally require about twice as many English verbs to translate. Most of the action is in the relationship between the two verbs.

καὶ	ἀναστὰς	ἔστη
and	he rose (and)	he stood there

A great deal of the meaning of Greek sentences lies in the syntactic relationships among words, and the verbs play a central role. Syntax trees represent this meaning with structure and attributes. In the syntax tree, the class, role, and head attributes, together with the hierarchical relationships in the tree, describe the syntactic relationships. The main verb is ἔστη, so the role is v. The participle is adverbial, so the role is adv. Because the participle is adverbial, you can remove it and still have a perfectly good sentence, καὶ ἔστη, meaning “he stood there”. The adverbial participle paints the scene for the main verb - in this case, it is aorist, so it describes something that happened before the main verb, the man rising up to stand there.

Exploring Syntax Markup for Participles

The first step in querying any corpus is to explore it and become familiar with the information it contains. For starters, we might want to know what roles a participle can have:

distinct-values(//w[@class='verb' and @mood='participle']/@role)

Here is the result of that query:

v vc adv p o o2

To fully understand the meaning of these role attributes, you would have to read the documentation, but here we’re going to focus on the meaning they have when they describe participles:

Participles are that are objects of other verbs have role = o
For circumstantial participles (also called adverbial participles), role = adv
For genitive absolutes (free participles), role = v or vc (and case = genitive).

Sometimes this role attribute occurs directly on the participle, sometimes it occurs on the wg element that contains it, sometimes both the participle and the word group that contains it have roles, depending on the interpretation of the sentence.

Now we can call this function in the return clause to return the text without the entire syntax tree:

Tayloring Examples for Teaching or Textbooks

When teaching or writing textbooks, the kinds of examples that are needed can be highly specific. For instance, in a living language classroom, you may want to start out by introducing short sentences that have a lot of participles and not much else.

The following query finds queries with at least 3 participles, sorted by length:

for $sentence in //sentence
where count($sentence//w[@mood='participle']) > 2
order by count($sentence//w)
return $sentence

Here is the first example, which has one circumstantial participle and two supplementary participles:

<sentence>
   <cite>Luk11:25:1-11:25:6</cite>
   <wg nodeId="420110250010060" class="cl" role="s">
      <w morphId="42011025001" class="conj" lemma="καί">καὶ</w>
      <wg nodeId="420110250020050" class="cl">
         <w morphId="42011025002"
         class="verb"
         role="adv"
         lemma="ἔρχομαι"
         tense="aorist"
         voice="active"
         mood="participle"
         case="nominative"
         gender="neuter"
         number="singular">ἐλθὸν</w>
         <w morphId="42011025003"
         class="verb"
         role="v"
         head="true"
         lemma="εὑρίσκω"
         person="third"
         number="singular"
         tense="present"
         voice="active"
         mood="indicative">εὑρίσκει</w>
         <wg nodeId="420110250040030" class="cl" role="o">
            <w morphId="42011025004"
            class="verb"
            head="true"
            lemma="σαρόω"
            tense="perfect"
            voice="passive"
            mood="participle"
            case="accusative"
            gender="masculine"
            number="singular">σεσαρωμένον</w>
            <w morphId="42011025005" class="conj" lemma="καί">καὶ</w>
            <w morphId="42011025006"
            class="verb"
            lemma="κοσμέω"
            tense="perfect"
            voice="passive"
            mood="participle"
            case="accusative"
            gender="masculine"
            number="singular">κεκοσμημένον</w>
            <pu>.</pu>
         </wg>
      </wg>
   </wg>
</sentence>

The syntax trees are helpful when we need to see all the details, but cumbersome when we want to list examples as text. We can convert the trees to text with a function. This function modifies the syntax tree for each sentence as follows:

The variable $w iterates over the words in the sentence tree, in sentence order (putting discontinuous words in their right place)
A space is inserted before each word
Each word is converted to a string, followed by any punctuation that immediately follows the word

Here is the function:

declare function local:straight-text($sentence)
{
 <sentence>
    { attribute cite { $sentence/cite } }
    <p>
     {
       for $w in $sentence//w
       order by $w/@morphId
       return (
         " ", concat(string($w),string($w/following-sibling::*[1][name() = 'pu']))
       )
     }
    </p>
 </sentence>
};

Now we can modify the original query to return local:straight-text($sentence) instead of $sentence:

for $sentence in //sentence
where count($sentence//w[@mood='participle']) > 2
order by count($sentence//w)
return local:straight-text($sentence)

Here are the first results, with quite a few sentences that are useful for introducing the participle:

<sentence cite="Luk11:25:1-11:25:6">
   <p> καὶ ἐλθὸν εὑρίσκει σεσαρωμένον καὶ κεκοσμημένον.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="1Co4:12:7-4:13:2">
   <p> λοιδορούμενοι εὐλογοῦμεν, διωκόμενοι ἀνεχόμεθα, δυσφημούμενοι
   παρακαλοῦμεν·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat12:44:10-12:44:16">
   <p> καὶ ἐλθὸν εὑρίσκει σχολάζοντα σεσαρωμένον καὶ κεκοσμημένον.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act21:2:1-21:2:8">
   <p> καὶ εὑρόντες πλοῖον διαπερῶν εἰς Φοινίκην ἐπιβάντες
   ἀνήχθημεν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mrk16:16:1-16:16:9">
   <p> ὁ πιστεύσας καὶ βαπτισθεὶς σωθήσεται, ὁ δὲ ἀπιστήσας
   κατακριθήσεται.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Jms1:6:7-1:6:15">
   <p> ὁ γὰρ διακρινόμενος ἔοικεν κλύδωνι θαλάσσης ἀνεμιζομένῳ καὶ
   ῥιπιζομένῳ·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mrk16:10:1-16:10:10">
   <p> ἐκείνη πορευθεῖσα ἀπήγγειλεν τοῖς μετ’ αὐτοῦ γενομένοις
   πενθοῦσι καὶ κλαίουσιν·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk6:38:5-6:38:14">
   <p> μέτρον καλὸν πεπιεσμένον σεσαλευμένον ὑπερεκχυννόμενον δώσουσιν
   εἰς τὸν κόλπον ὑμῶν·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk9:6:1-9:6:10">
   <p> ἐξερχόμενοι δὲ διήρχοντο κατὰ τὰς κώμας εὐαγγελιζόμενοι καὶ
   θεραπεύοντες πανταχοῦ.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act13:3:1-13:3:10">
   <p> τότε νηστεύσαντες καὶ προσευξάμενοι καὶ ἐπιθέντες τὰς χεῖρας
   αὐτοῖς ἀπέλυσαν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk7:10:1-7:10:11">
   <p> καὶ ὑποστρέψαντες εἰς τὸν οἶκον οἱ πεμφθέντες εὗρον τὸν δοῦλον
   ὑγιαίνοντα.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk22:27:1-22:27:11">
   <p> τίς γὰρ μείζων, ὁ ἀνακείμενος ἢ ὁ διακονῶν; οὐχὶ ὁ
   ἀνακείμενος;</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act19:18:1-19:18:11">
   <p> πολλοί τε τῶν πεπιστευκότων ἤρχοντο ἐξομολογούμενοι καὶ
      ἀναγγέλλοντες τὰς πράξεις αὐτῶν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="2Th3:11:1-3:11:11">
   <p> ἀκούομεν γάρ τινας περιπατοῦντας ἐν ὑμῖν ἀτάκτως, μηδὲν
      ἐργαζομένους ἀλλὰ περιεργαζομένους·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat26:43:1-26:43:12">
   <p> καὶ ἐλθὼν πάλιν εὗρεν αὐτοὺς καθεύδοντας, ἦσαν γὰρ αὐτῶν οἱ
   ὀφθαλμοὶ βεβαρημένοι.</p>
</sentence>

You may need something more specific, e.g. sentences with at least 3 participles where one of them is a genitive absolute:

for $sentence in //sentence
where count($sentence//w[@mood='participle']) > 2
  and $sentence//w[@mood='participle' and @role=('v','vc') and @case='genitive']
order by count($sentence//w)
return $sentence

Here are the first results:

<sentence cite="Act27:13:1-27:13:12">
   <p> Ὑποπνεύσαντος δὲ νότου δόξαντες τῆς προθέσεως κεκρατηκέναι
      ἄραντες ἆσσον παρελέγοντο τὴν Κρήτην.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act27:15:1-27:15:12">
   <p> συναρπασθέντος δὲ τοῦ πλοίου καὶ μὴ δυναμένου ἀντοφθαλμεῖν τῷ
      ἀνέμῳ ἐπιδόντες ἐφερόμεθα.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act19:36:1-19:36:13">
   <p> ἀναντιρρήτων οὖν ὄντων τούτων δέον ἐστὶν ὑμᾶς κατεσταλμένους
      ὑπάρχειν καὶ μηδὲν προπετὲς πράσσειν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act8:7:1-8:7:16">
   <p> πολλοὶ γὰρ τῶν ἐχόντων πνεύματα ἀκάθαρτα βοῶντα φωνῇ μεγάλῃ
      ἐξήρχοντο, πολλοὶ δὲ παραλελυμένοι καὶ χωλοὶ ἐθεραπεύθησαν·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat28:11:1-28:11:17">
   <p> Πορευομένων δὲ αὐτῶν ἰδού τινες τῆς κουστωδίας ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν
      πόλιν ἀπήγγειλαν τοῖς ἀρχιερεῦσιν ἅπαντα τὰ γενόμενα.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mrk1:32:1-1:32:17">
   <p> Ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης, ὅτε ἔδυ ὁ ἥλιος, ἔφερον πρὸς αὐτὸν πάντας
      τοὺς κακῶς ἔχοντας καὶ τοὺς δαιμονιζομένους·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Jhn18:22:1-18:22:17">
   <p> ταῦτα δὲ αὐτοῦ εἰπόντος εἷς παρεστηκὼς τῶν ὑπηρετῶν ἔδωκεν
      ῥάπισμα τῷ Ἰησοῦ εἰπών· Οὕτως ἀποκρίνῃ τῷ ἀρχιερεῖ;</p>
</sentence>

Or you may need participles in a variety of cases. This query finds sentences with participles in at least 3 cases:

for $sentence in //sentence
where count(distinct-values($sentence//w[@mood='participle']/@case)) > 2
order by count($sentence//w)
return local:straight-text($sentence)

Here are the results:

<sentence cite="Act7:24:1-7:24:13">
   <p> καὶ ἰδών τινα ἀδικούμενον ἠμύνατο καὶ ἐποίησεν ἐκδίκησιν τῷ
      καταπονουμένῳ πατάξας τὸν Αἰγύπτιον.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act19:36:1-19:36:13">
   <p> ἀναντιρρήτων οὖν ὄντων τούτων δέον ἐστὶν ὑμᾶς κατεσταλμένους
      ὑπάρχειν καὶ μηδὲν προπετὲς πράσσειν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act8:7:1-8:7:16">
   <p> πολλοὶ γὰρ τῶν ἐχόντων πνεύματα ἀκάθαρτα βοῶντα φωνῇ μεγάλῃ
      ἐξήρχοντο, πολλοὶ δὲ παραλελυμένοι καὶ χωλοὶ ἐθεραπεύθησαν·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat28:11:1-28:11:17">
   <p> Πορευομένων δὲ αὐτῶν ἰδού τινες τῆς κουστωδίας ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν
      πόλιν ἀπήγγειλαν τοῖς ἀρχιερεῦσιν ἅπαντα τὰ γενόμενα.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act28:6:11-28:6:27">
   <p> ἐπὶ πολὺ δὲ αὐτῶν προσδοκώντων καὶ θεωρούντων μηδὲν ἄτοπον εἰς
      αὐτὸν γινόμενον, μεταβαλόμενοι ἔλεγον αὐτὸν εἶναι θεόν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act27:2:1-27:2:19">
   <p> ἐπιβάντες δὲ πλοίῳ Ἀδραμυττηνῷ μέλλοντι πλεῖν εἰς τοὺς κατὰ τὴν
      Ἀσίαν τόπους ἀνήχθημεν ὄντος σὺν ἡμῖν Ἀριστάρχου Μακεδόνος
      Θεσσαλονικέως·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Heb4:2:1-4:2:20">
   <p> καὶ γάρ ἐσμεν εὐηγγελισμένοι καθάπερ κἀκεῖνοι, ἀλλ’ οὐκ
      ὠφέλησεν ὁ λόγος τῆς ἀκοῆς ἐκείνους, μὴ συγκεκερασμένους τῇ
      πίστει τοῖς ἀκούσασιν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act24:27:1-24:27:21">
   <p> Διετίας δὲ πληρωθείσης ἔλαβεν διάδοχον ὁ Φῆλιξ Πόρκιον Φῆστον·
      θέλων τε χάριτα καταθέσθαι τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ὁ Φῆλιξ κατέλιπε τὸν
      Παῦλον δεδεμένον.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Heb10:34:1-10:34:21">
   <p> καὶ γὰρ τοῖς δεσμίοις συνεπαθήσατε, καὶ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῶν
      ὑπαρχόντων ὑμῶν μετὰ χαρᾶς προσεδέξασθε, γινώσκοντες ἔχειν
      ἑαυτοὺς κρείττονα ὕπαρξιν καὶ μένουσαν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk13:17:1-13:17:22">
   <p> καὶ ταῦτα λέγοντος αὐτοῦ κατῃσχύνοντο πάντες οἱ ἀντικείμενοι
      αὐτῷ, καὶ πᾶς ὁ ὄχλος ἔχαιρεν ἐπὶ πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐνδόξοις τοῖς
      γινομένοις ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act16:16:1-16:16:22">
   <p> Ἐγένετο δὲ πορευομένων ἡμῶν εἰς τὴν προσευχὴν παιδίσκην τινὰ
      ἔχουσαν πνεῦμα πύθωνα ὑπαντῆσαι ἡμῖν, ἥτις ἐργασίαν πολλὴν
      παρεῖχεν τοῖς κυρίοις αὐτῆς μαντευομένη·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk6:27:1-6:28:9">
   <p> Ἀλλὰ ὑμῖν λέγω τοῖς ἀκούουσιν, ἀγαπᾶτε τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ὑμῶν, καλῶς
      ποιεῖτε τοῖς μισοῦσιν ὑμᾶς, εὐλογεῖτε τοὺς καταρωμένους ὑμᾶς,
      προσεύχεσθε περὶ τῶν ἐπηρεαζόντων ὑμᾶς.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat3:7:1-3:7:24">
   <p> Ἰδὼν δὲ πολλοὺς τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ Σαδδουκαίων ἐρχομένους ἐπὶ τὸ
      βάπτισμα αὐτοῦ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν, τίς ὑπέδειξεν
      ὑμῖν φυγεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς μελλούσης ὀργῆς;</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="1Tm1:12:1-1:13:8">
   <p> Χάριν ἔχω τῷ ἐνδυναμώσαντί με Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ κυρίῳ ἡμῶν, ὅτι
      πιστόν με ἡγήσατο θέμενος εἰς διακονίαν, τὸ πρότερον ὄντα
      βλάσφημον καὶ διώκτην καὶ ὑβριστήν·</p>
</sentence>

Or you may need sentences with at least two circumstantial participles:

for $sentence in //sentence
where count($sentence//w[@mood='participle' 
            and (@role='adv' or parent::wg[@role='adv'])]) > 1
order by count($sentence//w)
return local:straight-text($sentence)

Here are the first results:

<sentence cite="Luk5:28:1-5:28:6">
   <p> καὶ καταλιπὼν πάντα ἀναστὰς ἠκολούθει αὐτῷ.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Rom12:15:1-12:15:6">
   <p> χαίρειν μετὰ χαιρόντων, κλαίειν μετὰ κλαιόντων.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="1Co4:12:7-4:13:2">
   <p> λοιδορούμενοι εὐλογοῦμεν, διωκόμενοι ἀνεχόμεθα, δυσφημούμενοι
   παρακαλοῦμεν·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat22:22:1-22:22:7">
   <p> καὶ ἀκούσαντες ἐθαύμασαν, καὶ ἀφέντες αὐτὸν ἀπῆλθαν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mrk1:31:1-1:31:7">
   <p> καὶ προσελθὼν ἤγειρεν αὐτὴν κρατήσας τῆς χειρός·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk19:6:1-19:6:7">
   <p> καὶ σπεύσας κατέβη, καὶ ὑπεδέξατο αὐτὸν χαίρων.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Gal5:26:1-5:26:7">
   <p> μὴ γινώμεθα κενόδοξοι, ἀλλήλους προκαλούμενοι, ἀλλήλοις
   φθονοῦντες.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat8:25:1-8:25:8">
   <p> καὶ προσελθόντες ἤγειραν αὐτὸν λέγοντες· Κύριε, σῶσον,
   ἀπολλύμεθα.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mrk14:39:1-14:39:8">
   <p> καὶ πάλιν ἀπελθὼν προσηύξατο τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον εἰπών.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk4:20:1-4:20:8">
   <p> καὶ πτύξας τὸ βιβλίον ἀποδοὺς τῷ ὑπηρέτῃ ἐκάθισεν·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk8:24:1-8:24:8">
   <p> προσελθόντες δὲ διήγειραν αὐτὸν λέγοντες· Ἐπιστάτα ἐπιστάτα,
   ἀπολλύμεθα·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk19:28:1-19:28:8">
   <p> Καὶ εἰπὼν ταῦτα ἐπορεύετο ἔμπροσθεν ἀναβαίνων εἰς
   Ἱεροσόλυμα.</p>
</sentence>

Here are the first results if we require at least three circumstantial participles:

<sentence cite="1Co4:12:7-4:13:2">
   <p> λοιδορούμενοι εὐλογοῦμεν, διωκόμενοι ἀνεχόμεθα, δυσφημούμενοι
   παρακαλοῦμεν·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mrk16:10:1-16:10:10">
   <p> ἐκείνη πορευθεῖσα ἀπήγγειλεν τοῖς μετ’ αὐτοῦ γενομένοις
   πενθοῦσι καὶ κλαίουσιν·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat26:44:1-26:44:13">
   <p> καὶ ἀφεὶς αὐτοὺς πάλιν ἀπελθὼν προσηύξατο ἐκ τρίτου τὸν αὐτὸν
   λόγον εἰπὼν πάλιν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat14:30:1-14:30:14">
   <p> βλέπων δὲ τὸν ἄνεμον ἰσχυρὸν ἐφοβήθη, καὶ ἀρξάμενος
   καταποντίζεσθαι ἔκραξεν λέγων· Κύριε, σῶσόν με.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat27:35:1-27:36:5">
   <p> σταυρώσαντες δὲ αὐτὸν διεμερίσαντο τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ βάλλοντες
   κλῆρον, καὶ καθήμενοι ἐτήρουν αὐτὸν ἐκεῖ.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk10:25:1-10:25:14">
   <p> Καὶ ἰδοὺ νομικός τις ἀνέστη ἐκπειράζων αὐτὸν λέγων· Διδάσκαλε,
   τί ποιήσας ζωὴν αἰώνιον κληρονομήσω;</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mrk9:20:6-9:20:20">
   <p> καὶ ἰδὼν αὐτὸν τὸ πνεῦμα εὐθὺς συνεσπάραξεν αὐτόν, καὶ πεσὼν
   ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐκυλίετο ἀφρίζων.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk5:25:1-5:25:17">
   <p> καὶ παραχρῆμα ἀναστὰς ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν, ἄρας ἐφ’ ὃ κατέκειτο,
   ἀπῆλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ δοξάζων τὸν θεόν.</p>
</sentence>

Incidentally, one verse has 7 circumstantial participles!

   
<sentence cite="2Pe2:4:1-2:10:12">
   <p> Εἰ γὰρ ὁ θεὸς ἀγγέλων ἁμαρτησάντων οὐκ ἐφείσατο, ἀλλὰ σειραῖς
   ζόφου ταρταρώσας παρέδωκεν εἰς κρίσιν τηρουμένους, καὶ ἀρχαίου
   κόσμου οὐκ ἐφείσατο, ἀλλὰ ὄγδοον Νῶε δικαιοσύνης κήρυκα ἐφύλαξεν,
   κατακλυσμὸν κόσμῳ ἀσεβῶν ἐπάξας, καὶ πόλεις Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρας
   τεφρώσας καταστροφῇ κατέκρινεν, ὑπόδειγμα μελλόντων ἀσεβέσιν
   τεθεικώς, καὶ δίκαιον Λὼτ καταπονούμενον ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ἀθέσμων ἐν
   ἀσελγείᾳ ἀναστροφῆς ἐρρύσατο βλέμματι γὰρ καὶ ἀκοῇ ὁ δίκαιος
   ἐγκατοικῶν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας ψυχὴν δικαίαν ἀνόμοις ἔργοις
   ἐβασάνιζεν οἶδεν κύριος εὐσεβεῖς ἐκ πειρασμοῦ ῥύεσθαι, ἀδίκους δὲ
   εἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως κολαζομένους τηρεῖν, μάλιστα δὲ τοὺς ὀπίσω
   σαρκὸς ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ μιασμοῦ πορευομένους καὶ κυριότητος
   καταφρονοῦντας.</p>
</sentence>

Or perhaps you need examples with at least two supplementary participles:

   
for $sentence in //sentence
where count($sentence//w[@mood='participle' 
            and (@role='o' or parent::wg[@role='o'])]) > 1
order by count($sentence//w)
return local:straight-text($sentence)

Here are the first results:

   
<sentence cite="Luk11:25:1-11:25:6">
   <p> καὶ ἐλθὸν εὑρίσκει σεσαρωμένον καὶ κεκοσμημένον.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Heb13:14:1-13:14:10">
   <p> οὐ γὰρ ἔχομεν ὧδε μένουσαν πόλιν, ἀλλὰ τὴν μέλλουσαν
   ἐπιζητοῦμεν·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk1:52:1-1:53:7">
   <p> καθεῖλεν δυνάστας ἀπὸ θρόνων καὶ ὕψωσεν ταπεινούς, πεινῶντας
      ἐνέπλησεν ἀγαθῶν καὶ πλουτοῦντας ἐξαπέστειλεν κενούς.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat12:20:1-12:20:16">
   <p> κάλαμον συντετριμμένον οὐ κατεάξει καὶ λίνον τυφόμενον οὐ
      σβέσει, ἕως ἂν ἐκβάλῃ εἰς νῖκος τὴν κρίσιν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk8:35:1-8:35:30">
   <p> ἐξῆλθον δὲ ἰδεῖν τὸ γεγονὸς καὶ ἦλθον πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν, καὶ
      εὗρον καθήμενον τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἀφ’ οὗ τὰ δαιμόνια ἐξῆλθεν
      ἱματισμένον καὶ σωφρονοῦντα παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τοῦ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ
      ἐφοβήθησαν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Rev10:1:1-10:2:8">
   <p> Καὶ εἶδον ἄλλον ἄγγελον ἰσχυρὸν καταβαίνοντα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ,
      περιβεβλημένον νεφέλην, καὶ ἡ ἶρις ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸ
      πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ὡς ὁ ἥλιος, καὶ οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὡς στῦλοι πυρός,
      καὶ ἔχων ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ βιβλαρίδιον ἠνεῳγμένον.</p>
</sentence>

Or perhaps you want to optimize classroom time by focusing on the verbs most commonly used as participles. The following query generates statistical information on the use of participles in the Greek New Testament:

   
for $word in //w[@mood='participle']
let $sentence := $word/ancestor::sentence
group by $lemma := $word/@lemma
let $count := count($word)
order by $count descending
count $rank
where $rank < 50
return 
   <participle>
     {
         attribute lemma {$lemma},
         attribute rank {$rank},
         attribute count {$count}
      }
    </participle>

Here are the top 50 verbs used as participles:

   
<participle lemma="λέγω" rank="1" count="514"/>
<participle lemma="ἔχω" rank="2" count="240"/>
<participle lemma="ἔρχομαι" rank="3" count="158"/>
<participle lemma="εἰμί" rank="4" count="158"/>
<participle lemma="ὁράω" rank="5" count="140"/>
<participle lemma="ἀκούω" rank="6" count="135"/>
<participle lemma="γίνομαι" rank="7" count="134"/>
<participle lemma="ἀποκρίνομαι" rank="8" count="104"/>
<participle lemma="ποιέω" rank="9" count="100"/>
<participle lemma="λαμβάνω" rank="10" count="79"/>
<participle lemma="πιστεύω" rank="11" count="77"/>
<participle lemma="λαλέω" rank="12" count="71"/>
<participle lemma="κάθημαι" rank="13" count="65"/>
<participle lemma="ἐξέρχομαι" rank="14" count="64"/>
<participle lemma="καλέω" rank="15" count="64"/>
<participle lemma="ζάω" rank="16" count="62"/>
<participle lemma="ἵστημι" rank="17" count="58"/>
<participle lemma="μέλλω" rank="18" count="54"/>
<participle lemma="προσέρχομαι" rank="19" count="51"/>
<participle lemma="πορεύομαι" rank="20" count="50"/>
<participle lemma="ἀνίστημι" rank="21" count="49"/>
<participle lemma="δίδωμι" rank="22" count="48"/>
<participle lemma="εἰσέρχομαι" rank="23" count="48"/>
<participle lemma="ὑπάρχω" rank="24" count="42"/>
<participle lemma="γράφω" rank="25" count="40"/>
<participle lemma="καταβαίνω" rank="26" count="38"/>
<participle lemma="πέμπω" rank="27" count="37"/>
<participle lemma="βλέπω" rank="28" count="37"/>
<participle lemma="ἀγαπάω" rank="29" count="37"/>
<participle lemma="διδάσκω" rank="30" count="34"/>
<participle lemma="ἀπέρχομαι" rank="31" count="31"/>
<participle lemma="θέλω" rank="32" count="30"/>
<participle lemma="γινώσκω" rank="33" count="30"/>
<participle lemma="οἶδα" rank="34" count="28"/>
<participle lemma="κατοικέω" rank="35" count="28"/>
<participle lemma="περιπατέω" rank="36" count="27"/>
<participle lemma="προσεύχομαι" rank="37" count="27"/>
<participle lemma="ἐγείρω" rank="38" count="26"/>
<participle lemma="ζητέω" rank="39" count="26"/>
<participle lemma="δέω" rank="40" count="26"/>
<participle lemma="παραδίδωμι" rank="41" count="25"/>
<participle lemma="ἀναβαίνω" rank="42" count="25"/>
<participle lemma="εὑρίσκω" rank="43" count="25"/>
<participle lemma="ἀποστέλλω" rank="44" count="25"/>
<participle lemma="σπείρω" rank="45" count="24"/>
<participle lemma="δύναμαι" rank="46" count="24"/>
<participle lemma="ἐσθίω" rank="47" count="23"/>
<participle lemma="κρίνω" rank="48" count="22"/>
<participle lemma="προσκαλέομαι" rank="49" count="22"/>

Or perhaps you want to see only participles for verbs of perception, using common verbs known to your students:

   
let $lemmas := ("ὁράω", "ἀκούω", "βλέπω", "γινώσκω", "οἶδα", "εὑρίσκω")
for $sentence in //sentence
where $sentence//w[@mood='participle' and @lemma=$lemmas]
order by count($sentence//w)
return local:straight-text($sentence)

Here are the first results:

   
<sentence cite="Heb3:16:1-3:16:4">
   <p> τίνες γὰρ ἀκούσαντες παρεπίκραναν;</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk20:16:12-20:16:16">
   <p> ἀκούσαντες δὲ εἶπαν· Μὴ γένοιτο.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Rev22:17:9-22:17:13">
   <p> καὶ ὁ ἀκούων εἰπάτω· Ἔρχου·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat12:15:1-12:15:6">
   <p> Ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς γνοὺς ἀνεχώρησεν ἐκεῖθεν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk8:53:1-8:53:6">
   <p> καὶ κατεγέλων αὐτοῦ, εἰδότες ὅτι ἀπέθανεν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk9:11:1-9:11:6">
   <p> οἱ δὲ ὄχλοι γνόντες ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Luk18:15:10-18:15:15">
   <p> ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ μαθηταὶ ἐπετίμων αὐτοῖς.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Jhn14:9:15-14:9:20">
   <p> ὁ ἑωρακὼς ἐμὲ ἑώρακεν τὸν πατέρα·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Jhn18:21:4-18:21:9">
   <p> ἐρώτησον τοὺς ἀκηκοότας τί ἐλάλησα αὐτοῖς·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Rom8:24:5-8:24:10">
   <p> ἐλπὶς δὲ βλεπομένη οὐκ ἔστιν ἐλπίς,</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Rev17:6:18-17:6:23">
   <p> Καὶ ἐθαύμασα ἰδὼν αὐτὴν θαῦμα μέγα·</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat22:22:1-22:22:7">
   <p> καὶ ἀκούσαντες ἐθαύμασαν, καὶ ἀφέντες αὐτὸν ἀπῆλθαν.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mrk6:38:10-6:38:16">
   <p> καὶ γνόντες λέγουσιν· Πέντε, καὶ δύο ἰχθύας.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Jhn9:7:14-9:7:20">
   <p> ἀπῆλθεν οὖν καὶ ἐνίψατο, καὶ ἦλθεν βλέπων.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Jhn20:20:11-20:20:17">
   <p> ἐχάρησαν οὖν οἱ μαθηταὶ ἰδόντες τὸν κύριον.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Act7:31:1-7:31:7">
   <p> ὁ δὲ Μωϋσῆς ἰδὼν ἐθαύμασεν τὸ ὅραμα.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Rev22:8:1-22:8:7">
   <p> Κἀγὼ Ἰωάννης ὁ ἀκούων καὶ βλέπων ταῦτα.</p>
</sentence>
<sentence cite="Mat2:10:1-2:10:8">
   <p> ἰδόντες δὲ τὸν ἀστέρα ἐχάρησαν χαρὰν μεγάλην σφόδρα.</p>
</sentence>

But wait, there’s more!

This post is the last in this tutorial, but it only scratches the surface, showing some of the queries you might do to illustrate how participles work in the Greek New Testament.

If you’ve been reading this without actually trying out the queries, the best next step is to go back to the first installment and work your way through the tutorial again, trying out the queries and writing variations on them to see what results they yield. The data and software you need is available for free on Windows, Macintosh, or Linux, and it opens up powerful possibilities for querying syntax.

This tutorial has been focused on Greek texts, morphologies, and treebanks, but similar techniques can be used to query any kind of XML, and many kinds of XML can be queried together, generating new kinds of data from existing datasets. See the dashboard for other resources you might want to explore this way.

And if this tutorial has whetted your appetite, there will be other tutorials for other languages, datasets, and environments here on biblicalhumanities, where we are working to build an open data ecosystem for biblical data and teach people how to use it.